Bahasa Inggris

Dalam bahasa Inggris, secara umum ada 16 tenses yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu dan keadaan suatu tindakan. Tenses ini dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok waktu (Present, Past, Future, dan Past Future), masing-masing memiliki 4 bentuk (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, dan Perfect Continuous).

1. Simple Present Tense Pengertian: Digunakan untuk menyatakan kebiasaan, fakta, atau keadaan yang selalu benar. Rumus Positif: S + V1 (s/es) + O Negatif: S + do/does + not + V1 + O Interogatif: Do/Does + S + V1 + O? Contoh (+) She studies every day. (-) She does not study every day. (?) Does she study every day?

2. Present Continuous Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung. Rumus Positif: S + am/is/are + V-ing Negatif: S + am/is/are + not + V-ing Interogatif: Am/Is/Are + S + V-ing? Contoh (+) I am reading a book. (-) I am not reading a book. (?) Am I reading a book?

3. Present Perfect Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan tindakan yang sudah selesai tetapi hasilnya masih berhubungan dengan sekarang. Rumus Positif: S + has/have + V3 Negatif: S + has/have + not + V3 Interogatif: Has/Have + S + V3? Contoh (+) They have finished the work. (-) They have not finished the work. (?) Have they finished the work?

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan kegiatan yang dimulai di masa lalu dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang. Rumus Positif: S + has/have + been + V-ing Negatif: S + has/have + not + been + V-ing Interogatif: Has/Have + S + been + V-ing? Contoh (+) We have been studying for two hours. (-) We have not been studying for two hours. (?) Have we been studying for two hours?

5. Simple Past Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan kejadian yang sudah selesai di masa lalu. Rumus Positif: S + V2 Negatif: S + did not + V1 Interogatif: Did + S + V1? Contoh (+) He visited Bali. (-) He did not visit Bali. (?) Did he visit Bali?

6. Past Continuous Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu. Rumus Positif: S + was/were + V-ing Negatif: S + was/were + not + V-ing Interogatif: Was/Were + S + V-ing? Contoh (+) She was cooking. (-) She was not cooking. (?) Was she cooking?

7. Past Perfect Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan tindakan yang selesai sebelum tindakan lain di masa lalu. Rumus Positif: S + had + V3 Negatif: S + had + not + V3 Interogatif: Had + S + V3? Contoh (+) I had eaten before he came. (-) I had not eaten before he came. (?) Had I eaten before he came?

8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan kegiatan yang telah berlangsung selama beberapa waktu sebelum kejadian lain di masa lalu. Rumus Positif: S + had + been + V-ing Negatif: S + had + not + been + V-ing Interogatif: Had + S + been + V-ing? Contoh (+) They had been waiting for an hour. (-) They had not been waiting for an hour. (?) Had they been waiting for an hour?

9. Simple Future Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan rencana, prediksi, atau kejadian di masa depan. Rumus Positif: S + will + V1 Negatif: S + will not + V1 Interogatif: Will + S + V1? Contoh (+) I will travel tomorrow. (-) I will not travel tomorrow. (?) Will I travel tomorrow?

10. Future Continuous Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan kegiatan yang sedang berlangsung pada waktu tertentu di masa depan. Rumus Positif: S + will + be + V-ing Negatif: S + will + not + be + V-ing Interogatif: Will + S + be + V-ing? Contoh (+) She will be sleeping at 10 p.m. (-) She will not be sleeping at 10 p.m. (?) Will she be sleeping at 10 p.m.?

11. Future Perfect Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan tindakan yang akan selesai sebelum waktu tertentu di masa depan. Rumus Positif: S + will + have + V3 Negatif: S + will + not + have + V3 Interogatif: Will + S + have + V3? Contoh (+) We will have finished the project. (-) We will not have finished the project. (?) Will we have finished the project?

12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan kegiatan yang akan telah berlangsung selama periode tertentu di masa depan. Rumus Positif: S + will + have + been + V-ing Negatif: S + will + not + have + been + V-ing Interogatif: Will + S + have + been + V-ing? Contoh (+) He will have been working for five years. (-) He will not have been working for five years. (?) Will he have been working for five years?

13. Simple Past Future Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan rencana atau prediksi masa depan dari sudut pandang masa lalu. Rumus Positif: S + would + V1 Negatif: S + would + not + V1 Interogatif: Would + S + V1? Contoh (+) I said I would come. (-) I said I would not come. (?) Would you come?

14. Past Future Continuous Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan kegiatan yang akan sedang berlangsung di masa depan dari sudut pandang masa lalu. Rumus Positif: S + would + be + V-ing Negatif: S + would + not + be + V-ing Interogatif: Would + S + be + V-ing? Contoh (+) She said she would be waiting. (-) She said she would not be waiting. (?) Would she be waiting?

15. Past Future Perfect Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan tindakan yang akan telah selesai dari sudut pandang masa lalu. Rumus Positif: S + would + have + V3 Negatif: S + would + not + have + V3 Interogatif: Would + S + have + V3? Contoh (+) They said they would have finished. (-) They said they would not have finished. (?) Would they have finished?

16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense Pengertian: Menyatakan kegiatan yang akan telah berlangsung selama periode tertentu dari sudut pandang masa lalu. Rumus Positif: S + would + have + been + V-ing Negatif: S + would + not + have + been + V-ing Interogatif: Would + S + have + been + V-ing? Contoh (+) He said he would have been working for ten years. (-) He said he would not have been working for ten years. (?) Would he have been working for ten years?

Ringkasan Pola Tenses:

Simple V1 / V2 / will + V1

Continuous be + V-ing

Perfect have/has/had + V3

Perfect Continuous have/has/had + been + V-ing

Catatan: Dalam penggunaan bahasa Inggris modern, yang paling sering dipakai sehari-hari adalah sekitar 12 tenses utama (Present, Past, dan Future). Empat Past Future Tenses lebih sering muncul dalam tata bahasa formal, kalimat tidak langsung (reported speech), atau pembahasan struktur grammar tingkat lanjut.